Outcome of drug therapy is often variable, ranging from beneficial effects to lack of efficacy or serious adverse effects. The goal of clinical pharmacogenomic research is to determine how an individual’s genetic makeup controls the ways he or she responds to drugs – how the medications are absorbed, distributed in the body, broken down, eliminated – and to use that knowledge to determine the most suitable medication and the best possible dose for each patient. To meet the specific challenges of the complex nature of pharmacological responses, a comprehensive, integrative approach is needed looking into multifunctional networks of genes combining innovative study designs with novel biomarker technologies and pathbreaking –omics approaches (genomics, .transcriptomics, epigenomics).